Architectural design for ad-hoc goods movement software

ABSTRACT

Methods, systems, and apparatus, including computer program products, for implementing a software architecture design for a software application implementing ad-hoc goods movement. The application is structured as multiple process components interacting with each other through service interfaces, and multiple service operations, each being implemented for a respective process component. The process components include an Accounting process component that records the relevant business transactions for valuation and profitability analysis; an Inventory Processing process component that handles the management of inventory and the recording of inventory changes and may provide services to maintain current stock, handling unit content, logistics operating unit content, and allocation content; a Site Logistics Processing process component that handles the preparation, physical execution, and confirmation of logistics processes within a site; and a Supply and Demand Matching process component that combines the tasks necessary to ensure that sufficient material receipt elements exist to cover material demand while taking available capacity into account.

BACKGROUND

The subject matter of this patent application relates to computer software architecture and, more particularly, to the architecture of application software for ad-hoc goods movement.

Enterprise software systems are generally large and complex. Such systems can require many different components, distributed across many different hardware platforms, possibly in several different geographical locations. Thus, the architecture of a large software application, i.e., what its components are and how they fit together, is an important aspect of its design for a successful implementation.

SUMMARY

This specification presents a software architecture design for an ad-hoc goods movement software application.

In its various aspects, the software architecture design can be implemented as methods, systems, and apparatuses, including computer program products, for implementing a software architecture design for a software application implementing ad-hoc goods movement. The application is structured as multiple process components interacting with each other through service operations, each implemented for a respective process component. The process components include an Accounting process component, an Inventory Processing process component, a Site Logistics Processing process component, and a Supply and Demand Matching process component.

The subject matter described in this specification can be implemented to realize one or more of the following advantages. Effective use is made of process components as units of software reuse, to provide a design that can be implemented reliably in a cost effective way. Effective use is made of deployment units, each of which is deployable on a separate computer hardware platform independent of every other deployment unit, to provide a scalable design. Service interfaces of the process components define a pair-wise interaction between pairs of process components that are in different deployment units in a scalable way.

Details of one or more implementations of the subject matter described in this specification are set forth in the accompanying drawings and in the description below. Further features, aspects, and advantages of the subject matter will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a software architectural design for an ad-hoc goods movement software application.

FIG. 2 illustrates the elements of the architecture as they are drawn in the figures.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing interactions between an Inventory Processing process component and a Supply and Demand Matching process component related to ad-hoc.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing interactions between the Inventory Processing process component and the Supply and Demand Matching process component related to reconciliation.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing interactions between the Inventory Processing process component and an Accounting process component.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing interactions of a Site Logistics Processing process component.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing interactions between the Site Logistics Processing process component and the Supply and Demand Marketing process component.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing interactions between the Site Logistics Processing process component and the Accounting process component.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 shows the software architectural design for an ad-hoc goods movement software application. The ad-hoc goods movement application is software that implements an initiation and execution of any site internal ad-hoc goods movement or related activity in site logistics processing or inventory processing. This can include posting of the resulting goods movement or activity by a confirmation from site logistics processing or inventory processing.

As shown in FIG. 1, the ad-hoc goods movement design includes a Financial Accounting deployment unit 102, a Production and Site Logistics Execution deployment unit 104 and a Supply Chain Control deployment unit 106.

The Financial Accounting deployment unit 102 includes an Accounting process component 116 that records the relevant business transactions for valuation and profitability analysis.

The Production and Site Logistics Execution deployment unit 104 includes an Inventory Processing process component 112 that handles the management of inventory and the recording of inventory changes and a Site Logistics Processing user-centric process component 118 that handles the preparation, physical execution, and confirmation of logistics processes within a site. The Inventory Processing process component 112 provides services to maintain current stock, handling unit content, logistics operating unit content and allocation content. The Site Logistics Processing process component 118 provides logistics processes based on site logistics process models, including picking, packing, shipping, receiving, as well as value added services.

The Supply Chain Control deployment unit 106 includes a Supply and Demand Matching process component 114. The Supply and Demand Matching process component 114 manages the tasks necessary to ensure that sufficient material receipt elements exist to cover material demand while taking available capacity into account.

FIG. 2 illustrates the elements of the architecture as they are drawn in the figures of this patent application. The elements of the architecture include the business object 202, the process component 204, the operation 206, the outbound process agent 208, the synchronous outbound process agent 210, the synchronous inbound process agent 212, the inbound process agent 214, the service interface or interface 216, the message 218, the form message 220, the mapping entity 222, the communication channel template 224, and the deployment unit 226.

Not explicitly represented in the figures is a foundation layer that contains all fundamental entities that are used in multiple deployment units 226. These entities can be process components, business objects and reuse service components. A reuse service component is a piece of software that is reused in different transactions. A reuse service component is used by its defined interfaces, which can be, e.g., local APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) or service interfaces.

A process component of an external system is drawn as a dashed-line process component 228. Such a process component 228 represents the external system in describing interactions with the external system; however, the process component 228 need not represent more of the external system than is needed to produce and receive messages as required by the process component that interacts with the external system.

The connector icon 230 is used to simplify the drawing of interactions between process components 204. Interactions between process component pairs 204 involving their respective business objects 202, process agents (at 208, 210, 212, and 214), operations 206, interfaces 216, and messages (at 218 and 22) are described as process component interactions, which determine the interactions of a pair of process components across a deployment unit boundary, i.e., from one deployment unit 226 to another deployment unit 226. Interactions between process components 204 are indicated in FIG. 1 by directed lines (arrows). Interactions between process components within a deployment unit need not be described except to note that they exist, as these interactions are not constrained by the architectural design and can be implemented in any convenient fashion. Interactions between process components that cross a deployment unit boundary will be illustrated by the figures of this patent application; these figures will show the relevant elements associated with potential interaction between two process components 204, but interfaces 216, process agents (at 208, 210, 212, and 214), and business objects 202 that are not relevant to the potential interaction will not be shown.

The architectural design is a specification of a computer software application, and elements of the architectural design can be implemented to realize a software application that implements the end-to-end process mentioned earlier. The elements of the architecture are at times described in this specification as being contained or included in other elements; for example, a process component 204 is described as being contained in a deployment unit 226. It should be understood, however, that such operational inclusion can be realized in a variety of ways and is not limited to a physical inclusion of the entirety of one element in another.

The architectural elements include the business object 202. A business object 202 is a representation of a type of a uniquely identifiable business entity (an object instance) described by a structural model. Processes operate on business objects. This example business object represents a specific view on some well-defined business content. A business object represents content, which a typical business user would expect and understand with little explanation. Business objects are further categorized as business process objects and master data objects. A master data object is an object that encapsulates master data (i.e., data that is valid for a period of time). A business process object, which is the kind of business object generally found in a process component 204, is an object that encapsulates transactional data (i.e., data that is valid for a point in time). The term business object will be used generically to refer to a business process object and a master data object, unless the context requires otherwise. Properly implemented, business objects 202 are implemented free of redundancies.

The architectural elements also include the process component 204. A process component 204 is a software package that realizes a business process and generally exposes its functionality as services. The functionality includes the ability to perform all or parts of particular kinds of business transactions. A process component 204 contains one or more semantically related business objects 202. Any business object belongs to no more than one process component. Process components can be categorized as a standard process component, a process component at a business partner, a third party process component, or a user centric process component. The standard process component (named simply process component) is a software package that realizes a business process and exposes its functionality as services. The process component at a business partner is a placeholder for a process component (or other technology that performs the essential functions of the process component) used at a business partner. The third party process component is a process component (or other technology that performs the essential functions of the process component) provided by a third party. The user centric process component is a process component containing user interface parts.

Process components 204 are modular and context-independent. That they are context-independent means that a process component 204 is not specific to any specific application and is reusable. The process component 204 is often the smallest (most granular) element of reuse in the architecture.

The architectural elements also include the operation 206. An operation 206 belongs to exactly one process component 204. A process component 204 generally is able to perform multiple operations 206. Operations 206 can be synchronous or asynchronous, corresponding to synchronous or asynchronous process agents (e.g. at 208, 210, 212, and 214), which will be described below. Operation 206 may be the smallest, separately-callable function, described by a set of data types used as input, output, and fault parameters serving as a signature.

The architectural elements also include the service interface 216, referred to simply as the interface. An interface 216 is a named group of operations 206. Interface 216 typically specifies inbound service interface functionality or outbound service interface functionality. Each operation 206 belongs to exactly one interface 216. An interface 216 belongs to exactly one process component 204. A process component 204 might contain multiple interfaces 216. In some implementations, an interface contains only inbound or outbound operations, but not a mixture of both. One interface can contain both synchronous and asynchronous operations. All operations of the same type (either inbound or outbound) which belong to the same message choreography will belong to the same interface. Thus, generally, all outbound operations 206 directed to the same other process component 204 are in one interface 216.

The architectural elements also include the message 218. Operations 206 transmit and receive messages 218. Any convenient messaging infrastructure can be used. A message is information conveyed from one process component instance to another, with the expectation that activity will ensue. An operation can use multiple message types for inbound, outbound, or error messages. When two process components are in different deployment units, invocation of an operation of one process component by the other process component is accomplished by an operation on the other process component sending a message to the first process component. In some implementations, the message is a form based message 220 that can be translated into a recognized format for an external process component 228. The form message type 220 is a message type used for documents structured in forms. The form message type 220 can be used for printing, faxing, emailing, or other events using documents structured in forms. In some implementations, the form message type 220 provides an extended signature relative to the normal message type. For example, the form message type 220 can include text information in addition to identification information to improve human reading.

The architectural elements also include the process agent (e.g. at 208, 210, 212, and 214). Process agents do business processing that involves the sending or receiving of messages 218. Each operation 206 will generally have at least one associated process agent. The process agent can be associated with one or more operations 206. Process agents (at 208, 210, 212, and 214) can be either inbound or outbound, and either synchronous or asynchronous.

Asynchronous outbound process agents 208 are called after a business object 202 changes, e.g., after a create, update, or delete of a business object instance. Synchronous outbound process agents 210 are generally triggered directly by a business object 202.

An outbound process agent (208 and 210) will generally perform some processing of the data of the business object instance whose change triggered the event. An outbound agent triggers subsequent business process steps by sending messages using well-defined outbound services to another process component, which generally will be in another deployment unit, or to an external system. An outbound process agent is linked to the one business object that triggers the agent, but it is sent not to another business object but rather to another process component. Thus, the outbound process agent can be implemented without knowledge of the exact business object design of the recipient process component.

Inbound process agents (212 and 214) are called after a message has been received. Inbound process agents are used for the inbound part of a message-based communication. An inbound process agent starts the execution of the business process step requested in a message by creating or updating one or multiple business object instances. An inbound process agent is not the agent of a business object but of its process component. An inbound process agent can act on multiple business objects in a process component.

Synchronous agents (210 and 212) are used when a process component requires a more or less immediate response from another process component, and is waiting for that response to continue its work.

Operations and process components are described in this specification in terms of process agents. However, in alternative implementations, process components and operations can be implemented without use of agents by using other conventional techniques to perform the functions described in this specification.

The architectural elements also include the communication channel template. The communication channel template is a modeling entity that represents a set of technical settings used for communication. The technical settings can include details for inbound or outbound processing of a message. The details can be defined in the communication channel template. In particular, the communication channel template defines an adapter type, a transport protocol, and a message protocol. In some implementations, various other parameters may be defined based on a selected adapter type. For example, the communication channel template can define a security level, conversion parameters, default exchange infrastructure parameters, processing parameters, download URI parameters, and specific message properties.

The communication channel template 224 can interact with internal or external process components (at 204 and 228). To interact with an internal process component, the communication channel template is received and uploaded to be used with an operation and interface pair. To interact with an external process component, the communication channel template is received and uploaded to be used with an external entity, such as an external bank, business partner, or supplier.

The architectural elements also include the deployment unit 226. A deployment unit 226 includes one or more process components 204 that are deployed together on a single computer system platform. Conversely, separate deployment units can be deployed on separate physical computing systems. For this reason, a boundary of a deployment unit 226 defines the limits of an application-defined transaction, i.e., a set of actions that have the ACID properties of atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability. To make use of database manager facilities, the architecture requires that all operations of such a transaction be performed on one physical database; as a consequence, the processes of such a transaction must be performed by the process components 204 of one instance of one deployment unit 226.

The process components 204 of one deployment unit 226 interact with those of another deployment unit 226 using messages 218 passed through one or more data communication networks or other suitable communication channels. Thus, a deployment unit 226 deployed on a platform belonging one business can interact with a deployment unit software entity deployed on a separate platform belonging to a different and unrelated business, allowing for business-to-business communication. More than one instance of a given deployment unit can execute at the same time, on the same computing system or on separate physical computing systems. This arrangement allows the functionality offered by a deployment unit to be scaled to meet demand by creating as many instances as needed.

Since interaction between deployment units 226 is through service operations, a deployment unit can be replaced by other another deployment unit as long as the new deployment unit supports the operations depended upon by other deployment units. Thus, while deployment units can depend on the external interfaces of process components in other deployment units, deployment units are not dependent on process component interaction within other deployment units. Similarly, process components 204 that interact with other process components 204 or external systems only through messages 218, e.g., as sent and received by operations 206, can also be replaced as long as the replacement supports the operations 206 of the original 204.

In contrast to a deployment unit 226, the foundation layer does not define a limit for application-defined transactions. Deployment units 226 communicate directly with entities in the foundation layer, which communication is typically not message based. The foundation layer is active in every system instance on which the application is deployed. Business objects 202 in the foundation layer will generally be master data objects. In addition, the foundation layer will include some business process objects that are used by multiple deployment units 226. Master data objects and business process objects that should be specific to a deployment unit 226 are assigned to their respective deployment unit 226.

Interactions Between Process Components “Inventory Processing” and “Supply and Demand Matching”

FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing an interaction between the Inventory Processing process component 112 and the Supply and Demand Matching process component 114 in the architectural design of FIG. 1. The interaction starts when an ad-hoc goods movement is posted.

As shown in FIG. 3, the Inventory Processing process component 112 includes a Goods and Activity Confirmation business object 306. The Goods and Activity Confirmation business object 306 represents a record of confirmed inventory changes that occurred at a specific time.

The Goods and Activity Confirmation business object 306 uses a Notify of Inventory Change from Confirmation to Supply and Demand Matching outbound process agent 308 to invoke a Notify of Inventory Change operation 312. The Notify of Inventory Change operation 312 sends an inventory change planning notification to the Supply and Demand Matching process component 114. The operation 312 is included in an Inventory Changing Out interface 310. The operation 312 generates a Logistics Confirmation Inventory Change Notification message 314.

A Maintain Planning View of Inventory based on Logistics Confirmation operation 318 receives the Logistics Confirmation Inventory Change Notification message 314. The Maintain Planning View of Inventory based on Logistics Confirmation operation 318 carries out a relative quantity change to an inventory item disaggregated actual inventory quantity information that is mapped for a material and certain usability in a supply planning area, in a certain inventory managed location, and/or for certain identified stock in the Supply and Demand Matching process component 114. The operation 318 is included in an Inventory Changing In interface 316. The operation 318 uses a Maintain Planning View of Inventory based on Logistics Confirmation inbound process agent 320 to update a Planning View of Inventory business object 322. The Planning View of Inventory business object 322 represents a view of a material stock, aggregated at the level of the Supply Planning Area.

Interactions Between Process Components “Inventory Processing” and “Supply and Demand Matching”

FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing an interaction between the Inventory Processing process component 112 and the Supply and Demand Matching process component 114 in the architectural design of FIG. 1. If a deviation is detected, this interaction can be used to synchronize the available quantities of the Planning View of an Inventory business object 322 in the Supply and Demand Matching process component 114 with the available quantities of the original inventory in the Inventory Processing process component 112.

As shown in FIG. 4, the Inventory Processing process component 112 includes an Inventory business object 406. The Inventory business object 406 represents a quantity of the materials in a location including the material reservations at the location. In some implementations, quantities of materials can be physically grouped using Identified Logistic Units or Logistic Units.

The Inventory business object 406 uses a Notify of Reconciliation from Inventory to Supply and Demand Matching outbound process agent 408 to invoke a Notify Planning of Inventory Reconciliation operation 412. The operation 412 notifies the Supply and Demand Matching process component 114 about the reconciliation of inventory quantities aggregated on the material or supply planning area level. The operation 412 is included in an Inventory Reconciliation Out interface 410. The operation 412 generates a Planning View of Inventory Notification message 414.

A Maintain Planning View of Inventory based on Inventory Reconciliation operation 418 receives the Planning View of Inventory Notification message 414. The operation 418 carries out an absolute quantity update of a stock item disaggregated actual inventory quantity information that is mapped for a material and certain usability in a supply planning area, in a certain inventory managed location, and/or for a certain identified stock in the process component SDM. The Maintain Planning View of Inventory based on Inventory Reconciliation operation 418 is included in an Inventory Reconciliation In interface 416. The operation 418 uses a Maintain Planning View of Inventory based on Inventory Reconciliation inbound process agent 420 to update the Planning View of Inventory business object 322. The Planning View of Inventory business object 322 represents a view of material stock, aggregated at the level of the Supply Planning Area.

Interactions Between Process Components “Inventory Processing” and “Accounting”

FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing interactions between the Inventory Processing process component 112 and the Accounting process component 116 in the architectural design of FIG. 1. The interaction starts when a goods and activity confirmation is created or cancelled.

As shown in FIG. 5, the Inventory Processing process component 112 includes the Goods and Activity Confirmation business object 306. The Goods and Activity Confirmation business object 306 represents a record of confirmed inventory changes that occurred at a specific time.

The Goods and Activity Confirmation business object 306 uses a Notify of Inventory Change from Goods and Activity to Accounting outbound process agent 508 to invoke a Notify of Inventory Change and Activity Confirmation operation 510 or a Notify of Inventory Change and Activity Confirmation Cancellation operation 512. The operations 510 and 512 are included in an Inventory and Activity Accounting Out interface 514. If the Notify of Inventory Change and Activity Confirmation operation 510 is invoked, an Inventory Change and Activity Confirmation Accounting Notification message 516 is generated. If the Notify of Inventory Change and Activity Confirmation Cancellation operation 512 is invoked, an Inventory Change and Activity Confirmation Cancellation Accounting Notification message 518 is generated.

A Create Accounting Document operation 522 receives the Inventory Change and Activity Confirmation Accounting Notification message 516. A Cancel Accounting Document operation 524 receives the Inventory Change and Activity Confirmation Cancellation Accounting Notification message 518. The Create Accounting Document operation 522 and the Cancel Accounting Document operation 524 are included in an Inventory and Activity Accounting In interface 520. The Create Accounting Document operation 522 and the Cancel Accounting Document operation 524 use a Maintain Accounting Document Based on Inventory and Activity inbound process agent 526 to update an Accounting Notification business object 528. The Accounting Notification business object 528 represents a notification sent to Financial Accounting by an operational component regarding a business transaction. It represents this operational business transaction in a standardized form for all business transaction documents and contains the data needed to valuate the business transaction.

Interactions of Process Component “Site Logistics Processing” and “Site Logistics Processing”

FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing interactions of the Site Logistics Processing process component 118 in the architectural design of FIG. 1.

As shown in FIG. 6, the Site Logistics Processing process component 118 includes a Site Logistics Task business object 606. The Site Logistics Task business object 606 represents a task for executing a logistics operation or activity within a site. The Site Logistics Task business object 606 can also represent a piece of work to be performed by a person or an automated system.

The Site Logistics Task business object 606 uses a Request Site Logistics Task Execution for Output outbound process agent 608 to invoke a Request Site Logistics Task Execution operation 610. The Request Site Logistics Task Execution operation 610 is included in a Site Logistics Task Output Out interface 612. The Request Site Logistics Task Execution operation 610 generates a From Site Logistics Task Execution Request message 614.

Interactions Between Process Components “Site Logistics Processing” and “Supply and Demand Matching”

FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing an interaction between the Site Logistics Process component 118 and the Supply and Demand Matching component 114 in the architectural design of FIG. 1. The interaction starts when an ad-hoc goods movement is posted. The Site Logistics Processing process component 118 updates the Planning View of Inventory business object 322 in the Supply and Demand Matching process component 114 to allow accurate material planning.

As shown in FIG. 7, the Site Logistics Processing process component 118 includes a Site Logistics Confirmation business object 706. The Site Logistics Confirmation business object 706 represents a record of confirmed logistic process changes which can result from the execution of a site logistics process at a specific time. Examples of process changes include inventory changes, plan adjustments, resource utilizations, and progress status changes.

The Site Logistics Confirmation business object 706 uses a Notify of Inventory Change from Confirmation to Supply and Demand Matching outbound process agent 708 to invoke a Notify of Inventory Change operation 710. The Notify of Inventory Change operation 710 sends an inventory change planning notification to the Supply and Demand Matching process component 114. The operation 710 is included in an Inventory Changing Out interface 712. The operation 710 generates a Logistics Confirmation Inventory Change Notification message 714.

A Maintain Planning View of Inventory based on Logistics Confirmation operation 718 receives the Logistics Confirmation Inventory Change Notification message 714. The operation 718 carries out a relative quantity change to an inventory item disaggregated actual inventory quantity information that is mapped for a material and certain usability in a supply planning area, in a certain inventory managed location, and/or for certain identified stock in the Supply and Demand Matching process component 114. The operation 718 is included in an Inventory Changing In interface 716. The operation 718 uses a Maintain Planning View of Inventory based on Logistics Confirmation inbound process agent 720 to update the Planning View of Inventory business object 322. The Planning View of Inventory business object 322 represents a view of material stock, aggregated at the level of the Supply Planning Area.

Interactions Between Process Components “Site Logistics Processing” and “Accounting”

FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing interactions between the Site Logistics Processing process component 118 and the Accounting process component 116 in the architectural design of FIG. 1. The interaction starts when a site logistics confirmation is created.

The Site Logistics Processing component 118 includes the Site Logistics Confirmation business object 706. The Site Logistics Confirmation business object 706 represents a record of confirmed logistic process changes which can result from the execution of a site logistics process at a specific time. Examples of process changes include inventory changes, plan adjustments, resource utilizations, and progress status changes.

The Site Logistics Confirmation business object 706 uses a Notify of Inventory Change from Site Logistics Confirmation to Accounting outbound process agent 808 to invoke a Notify of Inventory Change and Activity Confirmation operation 810 or a Notify of Inventory Change and Activity Confirmation Cancellation operation 812. The operations 810 and 812 are included in an Inventory and Activity Accounting Out interface 814.

If the Notify of Inventory Change and Activity Confirmation operation 810 is invoked, an Inventory Change and Activity Confirmation Accounting Notification message 816 generated. If the Notify of Inventory Change and Activity Confirmation Cancellation operation 812 is invoked, an Inventory Change and Activity Confirmation Cancellation Accounting Notification message 818 is generated

A Create Accounting Document operation 822 receives the Inventory Change and Activity Confirmation Accounting Notification message 816. A Cancel Accounting Document operation 824 receives the Inventory Change and Activity Confirmation Cancellation Accounting Notification message 818. The Create Accounting Document operation 822 and the Cancel Accounting Document operation 824 are included an Inventory and Activity In interface 820.

The Create Accounting Document operation 822 and the Cancel Accounting Document operation 824 use a Maintain Accounting Document based on Inventory and Activity inbound process agent 826 to update the Accounting Notification business object 528. The Accounting Notification business object 528 represents a notification sent to Financial Accounting by an operation component regarding a business transaction. It represents this operation business transaction in a standardized form for the business transaction documents and contains the data needed to valuate the business transaction.

The subject matter described in this specification and all of the functional operations described in this specification can be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer software, firmware, or hardware, including the structural means disclosed in this specification and structural equivalents thereof, or in combinations of them. The subject matter described in this specification can be implemented as one or more computer program products, i.e., one or more computer programs tangibly embodied in an information carrier, e.g., in a machine-readable storage device or in a propagated signal, for execution by, or to control the operation of, data processing apparatus, e.g., a programmable processor, a computer, or multiple computers. A computer program (also known as a program, software, software application, or code) can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, and it can be deployed in any form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, component, subroutine, or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A computer program does not necessarily correspond to a file. A program can be stored in a portion of a file that holds other programs or data, in a single file dedicated to the program in question, or in multiple coordinated files (e.g., files that store one or more modules, sub-programs, or portions of code). A computer program can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiple computers at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network.

The processes and logic flows described in this specification can be performed by one or more programmable processors executing one or more computer programs to perform functions by operating on input data and generating output. The processes and logic flows can also be performed by, and apparatus can also be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit).

Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors, and any one or more processors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory or a random access memory or both. The essential elements of a computer are a processor for executing instructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data. Generally, a computer will also include, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer data to, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g., magnetic, magneto-optical disks, or optical disks. Information carriers suitable for embodying computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices, e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, and flash memory devices; magnetic disks, e.g., internal hard disks or removable disks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. The processor and the memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, special purpose logic circuitry.

To provide for interaction with a user, the subject matter described in this specification can be implemented on a computer having a display device, e.g., a CRT (cathode ray tube) or LCD (liquid crystal display) monitor, for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device, e.g., a mouse or a trackball, by which the user can provide input to the computer. Other kinds of devices can be used to provide for interaction with a user as well; for example, feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback, e.g., visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback; and input from the user can be received in any form, including acoustic, speech, or tactile input.

The subject matter described in this specification can be implemented in a computing system that includes a back-end component (e.g., a data server), a middleware component (e.g., an application server), or a front-end component (e.g., a client computer having a graphical user interface or a Web browser through which a user can interact with an implementation of the subject matter described herein), or any combination of such back-end, middleware, and front-end components. The components of the system can be interconnected by any form or medium of digital data communication, e.g., a communication network. Examples of communication networks include a local area network (“LAN”) and a wide area network (“WAN”), e.g., the Internet.

The computing system can include clients and servers. A client and server are generally remote from each other and typically interact through a communication network. The relationship of client and server arises by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client-server relationship to each other.

While this specification contains many specifics, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the present disclosure or of what may be claimed, but rather as an exemplification of preferred embodiments of the present disclosure. Certain features that are described in this specification in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment may also be provided in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable subcombination. Moreover, although features may be described above as acting in certain combinations and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the combination, and the claimed combination may be directed to a subcombination or variation of a subcombination.

The subject matter has been described in terms of particular variations, but other variations can be implemented and are within the scope of the following claims. For example, the actions recited in the claims can be performed in a different order and still achieve desirable results. As one example, the processes depicted in the accompanying figures do not necessarily require the particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results. In certain implementations, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Other variations are within the scope of the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer program product comprising instructions encoded on a tangible, non-transitory machine-readable storage medium, the instructions being structured as process components interacting with each other through service interfaces, the instructions operable when executed by at least one processor to: define a plurality of process components, each of the process components comprising a modular and application-independent package of reusable granular software implementing a respective and distinct business process, the business process comprising functionality exposed by the process component via a corresponding service interface, the plurality of process components including: an inventory processing process component that handles the management of inventory and the recording of inventory changes and provides services to maintain current stock, content and structure of logistic units and allocations; a site logistics processing process component that handles the preparation, physical execution, and confirmation of logistics processes within a site; a supply and demand matching process component that handles the management of the tasks performed to ensure that sufficient material receipt elements exist to cover material demand while taking available capacity into account; and an accounting process component that records relevant business transactions for valuation and profitability analysis; and define a plurality of service operations, each service operation being implemented for exactly one process component, the operations comprising inbound and outbound operations, the outbound operation for a first process component being operable to send a message to a second process component of the plurality of process components, the second process component having an inbound operation for receiving the message, the sending and receiving of messages between an inbound and an outbound operation defining a message-based pair-wise interaction between the respective process components of the respective operations, the pair-wise interactions between pairs of the process components including interactions between: the inventory processing process component and the supply and demand matching process component, where the pair-wise interaction between the inventory processing process component and the supply and demand matching process component includes transmission of: a logistics confirmation inventory change notification message from the inventory processing process component to the supply and demand matching process component, the logistics confirmation inventory change notification message comprising a request to notify supply and demand matching of an inventory change associated with the inventory processing process component, and a planning view of inventory reconciliation notification message from the inventory processing process component to the supply and demand matching process component, the planning view of inventory reconciliation notification message comprising a request to notify supply and demand matching of a reconciliation of inventory quantities aggregated on a material or supply planning level; the inventory processing process component and the accounting process component, where the pair-wise interaction between the inventory process component and the accounting process component includes the transmission of: an inventory change and activity confirmation accounting notification message from the inventory process component to the accounting process component, the inventory change and activity confirmation accounting notification message comprising a request to notify accounting of an inventory change associated with the inventory process component; and an inventory change and activity confirmation accounting cancellation request message from the inventory process component to the accounting process component, the inventory change and activity confirmation accounting cancellation request message comprising a request to cancel at least one request received from the inventory process component; the site logistics processing process component and the site logistics processing process component; the site logistics processing process component and the supply and demand marketing process component, where the pair-wise interaction between the site logistics processing process component and the supply and demand matching process component includes transmission of: a logistics confirmation inventory change notification message from the site logistics processing process component to the supply and demand matching process component, the logistics confirmation inventory change notification message comprising a request to notify supply and demand matching of an inventory change associated with the site logistics processing process component; and the site logistics processing process component and the accounting process component, where the pair-wise interaction between the site logistics process component and the accounting process component includes the transmission of: an inventory change and activity confirmation accounting notification message from the site logistics process component to the accounting process component, the inventory change and activity confirmation accounting notification message comprising a request to notify accounting of an inventory change associated with the site logistics process component; and an inventory change and activity confirmation accounting cancellation request message from the site logistics process component to the accounting process component, the inventory change and activity confirmation accounting cancellation request message comprising a request to cancel at least one request received from the site logistics process component.
 2. The product of claim 1, wherein: each of the plurality of process components is assigned to exactly one deployment unit among multiple deployment units, and each deployment unit is deployable on a separate computer hardware platform independent of every other deployment unit; and all interaction between a process component in one deployment unit and any other process component in any other deployment unit takes place through the respective service interfaces of the two process components.
 3. The product of claim 2, wherein the deployment units comprise: a financial accounting deployment unit that includes the accounting process component; a production and site logistics execution deployment unit that includes the inventory processing process component and the site logistics processing process component; and a supply chain control deployment unit that includes the supply and demand matching process component.
 4. The product of claim 1, wherein: each of the process components includes one or more business objects; and none of the business objects of any one of the process components interacts directly with any of the business objects included in any of the other process components.
 5. The product of claim 4, wherein the business objects comprise a business process object.
 6. The product of claim 4, wherein none of the business objects included in any one of the process components is included in any of the other process components.
 7. The product of claim 1, further comprising a plurality of process agents, each process agent being either an inbound process agent or an outbound process agent, an inbound process agent being operable to receive a message from an inbound operation, an outbound process agent being operable to cause an outbound operation to send a message, each process agent being associated with exactly one process component.
 8. The product of claim 7, wherein the inbound process agents comprise a first inbound process agent operable to start the execution of a business process step requested in a first inbound message by creating or updating one or more business object instances.
 9. The product of claim 7, wherein the outbound process agents comprise a first asynchronous outbound process agent that is called after a business object that is associated with the first outbound process agent changes.
 10. The product of claim 1, wherein the operations comprise synchronous and asynchronous operations.
 11. A system, comprising: a computer system comprising at least one hardware platform for executing computer instructions, the computer instructions structured as a plurality of process components interacting with each other through service interfaces, each hardware platform including at least one processor for executing the computer instructions; memory storing a plurality of process components executable by the respective processor of the particular hardware platform, each of the process components comprising a modular and application-independent package of reusable granular software implementing a respective and distinct business process, the business processes comprising functionality exposed by the process component via at least one service interface, the plurality of process components including: an inventory processing process component that handles the management of inventory and the recording of inventory changes; a site logistics processing process component that handles the preparation, physical execution, and confirmation of logistics processes within a site; a supply and demand matching process component that handles the management of the tasks performed to ensure that sufficient material receipt elements exist to cover material demand while taking available capacity into account; and an accounting process component that records relevant business transactions for valuation and profitability analysis; and the memory further storing a plurality of service operations, each service operation being implemented for exactly one process component, the operations comprising inbound and outbound operations, the outbound operation for a first process component being operable to send a message to a second process component of the plurality of process components, the second process component having an inbound operation for receiving the message, the sending and receiving of messages between an inbound and an outbound operation defining a message-based pair-wise interaction between the respective process components of the respective operations, the pair-wise interactions between pairs of the process components including interactions between: the inventory processing process component and the supply and demand matching process component, where the pair-wise interaction between the inventory processing process component and the supply and demand matching process component includes transmission of: a logistics confirmation inventory change notification message from the inventory processing process component to the supply and demand matching process component, the logistics confirmation inventory change notification message comprising a request to notify supply and demand matching of an inventory change associated with the inventory processing process component, and a planning view of inventory reconciliation notification message from the inventory processing process component to the supply and demand matching process component, the planning view of inventory reconciliation notification message comprising a request to notify supply and demand matching of a reconciliation of inventory quantities aggregated on a material or supply planning level; the inventory processing process component and the accounting process component, where the pair-wise interaction between the inventory process component and the accounting process component includes the transmission of: an inventory change and activity confirmation accounting notification message from the inventory process component to the accounting process component, the inventory change and activity confirmation accounting notification message comprising a request to notify accounting of an inventory change associated with the inventory process component; and an inventory change and activity confirmation accounting cancellation request message from the inventory process component to the accounting process component, the inventory change and activity confirmation accounting cancellation request message comprising a request to cancel at least one request received from the inventory process component; the site logistics processing process component and the site logistics processing process component; the site logistics processing process component and the supply and demand marketing process component, where the pair-wise interaction between the site logistics processing process component and the supply and demand matching process component includes transmission of: a logistics confirmation inventory change notification message from the site logistics processing process component to the supply and demand matching process component, the logistics confirmation inventory change notification message comprising a request to notify supply and demand matching of an inventory change associated with the site logistics processing process component; and the site logistics processing process component and the accounting process component, where the pair-wise interaction between the site logistics process component and the accounting process component includes the transmission of: an inventory change and activity confirmation accounting notification message from the site logistics process component to the accounting process component, the inventory change and activity confirmation accounting notification message comprising a request to notify accounting of an inventory change associated with the site logistics process component; and an inventory change and activity confirmation accounting cancellation request message from the site logistics process component to the accounting process component, the inventory change and activity confirmation accounting cancellation request message comprising a request to cancel at least one request received from the site logistics process component.
 12. The system of claim 11, wherein: each of the process components includes one or more business objects; and none of the business objects of any one of the process components interacts directly with any of the business objects included in any of the other process components.
 13. The system of claim 11, wherein none of the business objects included in any one of the process components is included in any of the other process components.
 14. The system of claim 11, wherein a plurality of process agents, each process agent being either an inbound process agent or an outbound process agent, an inbound process agent being operable to receive a message from an inbound operation, an outbound process agent being operable to cause an outbound operation to send a message, each process agent being associated with exactly one process component.
 15. The system of claim 11, the system comprising multiple hardware platforms, wherein: the accounting process component is deployed on a first hardware platform; the inventory processing process component and the site logistics processing process component are deployed on a second hardware platform; and the supply and demand matching process component is deployed on a third hardware platform.
 16. The system of claim 15, wherein each of the first through the third hardware platforms are distinct and separate from each other. 